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Philip W. Anderson

American physicist (–)

For the film editor, see Philip W. Anderson (film editor).

Philip Warren AndersonForMemRS HonFInstP (December 13, – March 29, ) was an American theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate. Anderson made contributions to the theories of localization, antiferromagnetism, symmetry breaking (including a paper in discussing symmetry breaking in particle physics, leading to the development of the Standard Model around 10 years later), and high-temperature superconductivity, and to the philosophy of science through his writings on emergent phenomena.[3][4][5][6][7] Anderson is also responsible for naming the field of physics that is now known as condensed matter physics.[8]

Education and early life

Anderson was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, and grew up in Urbana, Illinois. His father, Harry Warren Anderson, was a professor of plant pathology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; his maternal grandfather was a mathematician at Wabash College, where Anderson's father studied; and his maternal uncle was a Rhodes Scholar who became a professor of English, also at Wabash College. He graduated from University Laboratory High School in Urbana in Under the encouragement of a math teacher by the name of Miles Hartley, Anderson enrolled at Harvard University to study under a fully-funded scholarship. He concentrated in "Electronic Physics" and completed his B.S. in , after which he was drafted into the war effort and built antennas at the Naval Research Laboratory until the end of the Second World War in As an undergraduate, his close associates included particle-nuclear physicist H. Pierre Noyes, philosopher and historian of science Thomas Kuhn and molecular physicist Henry Silsbee. After the war, Anderson returned to Harvard to pursue graduate studies in physics under the mentorship of John Hasbrouck van Vleck; he received his Ph.D. in after completing a doctoral dissertation titled "The theory of pressure broadening of spectral lines in the microwave and infrared regions."[9]

Career and research

From to , Anderson was employed by Bell Laboratories in New Jersey, where he worked on a wide variety of problems in condensed matter physics. During this period he developed what is now called Anderson localization (the idea that extended states can be localized by the presence of disorder in a system) and Anderson's theorem (concerning impurity scattering in superconductors); invented the Anderson Hamiltonian, which describes the site-wise interaction of electrons in a transition metal; proposed symmetry breaking within particle physics (this played a role in the development of the Standard Model and the development of the theory behind the Higgs mechanism, which in turn generates mass in some elementary particles); created the pseudospin approach to the BCS theory of superconductivity; made seminal studies of non-s-wave pairing (both symmetry-breaking and microscopic mechanism) in the superfluidity of helium-3, and helped found the area of spin-glasses.[10][11][12][13][14][15][16] He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in [17]

Anderson spent a year as lecturer at Cambridge University in –, and recalled that having Brian Josephson in a class was "a disconcerting experience for a lecturer, I can assure you, because everything had to be right or he would come up and explain it to me after class."[18]

From to , Anderson was a professor of theoretical physics at Cambridge. In Anderson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his investigations into the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems, which allowed for the development of electronic switching and memory devices in computers. Co-researchers Sir Nevill Francis Mott and John van Vleck shared the award with him. In , he was awarded the National Medal of Science. He retired from Bell Labs in and was Joseph Henry Professor Emeritus of Physics at Princeton University.[19]

Anderson's writings included Concepts in Solids, Basic Notions of Condensed Matter Physics and The Theory of Superconductivity in the High-Tc Cuprates. Anderson served on the board of advisors of Scientists and Engineers for America, an organization focused on promoting sound science in American government.[20]

In response to the discovery of high-temperature superconductors in the s, Anderson proposed Resonating valence bond (RVB) theory to explain the phenomenon. While many found the idea unconvincing, RVB theory proved instrumental in the study of spin liquids.[21]

Anderson also made conceptual contributions to the philosophy of science through his explication of emergent phenomena, which became an inspiration for the science of complex systems. In , he wrote an article called "More is Different" in which he emphasized the limitations of reductionism and the existence of hierarchical levels of science, each of which requires its own fundamental principles for advancement.[22]

In , he participated in the founding workshops of the Santa Fe Institute, a multidisciplinary research institute dedicated to the science of complex systems.[23] Anderson also co-chaired the institute's conference on economics with Kenneth Arrow and W. Brian Arthur, and participated in its workshop on models of emergent behavior in complex systems.[24]

In , Anderson testified to the US Congress, "against the construction of the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC), a 40 TeV proton-proton collider in Texas that would have been the biggest experiment in particle physics. Anderson's opposition to the SSC did not directly lead to its cancellation in —spiralling costs were the main factor—but he was perhaps its most high-profile opponent."[25] He was, "skeptical of the supposed boost it would provide to science in the US and the claim that the spin-offs would provide great return on investment."[26]

A statistical analysis of scientific research papers by José Soler, comparing the number of references in a paper to the number of citations, declared Anderson to be the "most creative" amongst ten most cited physicists in the world.[27] In , Oxford University Press published the biography A Mind over Matter: Philip Anderson and the Physics of the Very Many by Andrew Zangwill.[28][29][30]

Awards and honors

He was awarded the Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize in , the Nobel Prize in Physics in , the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in ,[31] was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in ,[1] and was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in [32] He was awarded the National Medal of Science in [33]

Personal life

Anderson was an atheist and was one of 22 Nobel Laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto.[34][35] Anderson was also interested in Japanese culture, living there for a time and becoming a 1st Dan master of the board game Go.[36] The Nihon Ki-in awarded him a lifetime achievement award in , and Anderson joked that there were only four people in Japan who could beat him.[2]

Anderson married Joyce Gothwaite in and they had a daughter, Susan.[2] He died in Princeton, New Jersey, on March 29, , at the age of [37][38][39]

Publications

Books

  • Anderson, Philip W. (). Notes on theory of magnetism. Tokyo: University of Tokyo. OCLC&#;
  • Anderson, Philip W. () []. Concepts in solids: lectures on the theory of solids. Singapore River Edge, New Jersey: World Scientific. ISBN&#;.
  • Anderson, Philip W. () []. Basic notions of condensed matter physics. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. ISBN&#;.
  • Anderson, Philip W.; Arrow, Kenneth J.; Pines, David, eds. (). The economy as an evolving complex system: the proceedings of the Evolutionary Paths of the Global Economy Workshop, held September, in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Redwood City, California: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. ISBN&#;.[40]
  • Anderson, Philip W. () []. A career in theoretical physics. World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics, volume Singapore Hackensack, New Jersey: World Scientific Pub. Co. ISBN&#;.
  • Anderson, Philip W. (). The theory of superconductivity in the high-TC cuprates. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN&#;.
  • Anderson, Philip W. (). More and different: notes from a thoughtful curmudgeon. Singapore Hackensack, New Jersey: World Scientific. ISBN&#;.

Journal articles

  • Anderson, Philip W. (March 1, ). "Absence of diffusion in certain random lattices". Physical Review. (5): – BibcodePhRvA. doi/PhysReved May 11, , at the Wayback Machine
  • Anderson, Philip W. (April 1, ). "Plasmons, gauge invariance, and mass". Physical Review. (1): – BibcodePhRvA. doi/PhysRevPdf.
  • Anderson, Philip W.; Halperin, Bertrand I.; Varma, Chandra M. (January ). "Anomalous low-temperature thermal properties of glasses and spin glasses". Philosophical Magazine. 25 (1): 1–9. BibcodePMagA. doi/Pdf.
  • Anderson, Philip W. (August 4, ). "More is different". Science. (): – BibcodeSciA. doi/science JSTOR&#; PMID&#; S2CID&#;Pdf.
  • Anderson, Philip W. (March 6, ). "The resonating valence bond state in La2CuO4 and superconductivity". Science. (): – BibcodeSciA. doi/science JSTOR&#; PMID&#; S2CID&#;Pdf.
  • Anderson, Philip W. (July 18, ). "Physics: the opening to complexity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 92 (15): – BibcodePNASA. doi/pnas JSTOR&#; PMC&#; PMID&#;Pdf.
  • Anderson, Philip W. (April 3, ). "Mind over matter: Review of The Large, the Small and the Human Mind by Roger Penrose". Nature. (): BibcodeNaturA. doi/c0. S2CID&#;
  • Anderson, Philip W. (October ). "When the electron falls apart". Physics Today. 50 (10): 42– BibcodePhTjA. doi/
  • Anderson, Philip W. (July 8, ). "Computing: solving problems in finite time". Nature. (): BibcodeNaturA. doi/ PMID&#;
  • Anderson, Philip W. (February ). "Brainwashed by Feynman?". Physics Today. 53 (2): 11– BibcodePhTbA. doi/Pdf.
  • Anderson, Philip W. (September 27, ). "Thinking big". Nature. (): – BibcodeNaturA. doi/a. PMID&#; S2CID&#;
  • Anderson, Philip W. (September 1, ). "Twenty years of talking past each other: the theory of high TC". Physica C. – (Part 1): 3–6. BibcodePhyCA. doi/
  • Casey, Philip A.; Anderson, Philip W. (February 28, ). "Hidden Fermi Liquid: Self-Consistent Theory for the Normal State of High-Tc Superconductors". Physical Review Letters. (9) arXiv BibcodePhRvLiC. doi/PhysRevLett PMID&#;: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

References

  1. ^ ab"Professor Philip Anderson ForMemRS". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on November 14,
  2. ^ abc"In memoriam: Philip Anderson". Santa Fe Institute. March 30,
  3. ^Horgan, J. () Profile: Philip W. Anderson – Gruff Guru of Condensed Matter Physics, Scientific American(5),
  4. ^Anderson, P.W. (). THE Theory of Superconductivity in High- Cuprates. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN&#;.
  5. ^Anderson, P.W. (). Basic Notions of Condensed Matter Physics. Reading: Addison-Wesley. ISBN&#;.
  6. ^Anderson, P.W. (). Concepts in Solids: Lectures on the Theory of Solids. Singapore: World Scientific. ISBN&#;.
  7. ^Bernstein, Jeremy (). Three degrees above zero: Bell Laboratories in the information age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN&#;.
  8. ^"Physics professor emeritus and Nobel laureate Phil Anderson dies at age 96". The Princetonian. Retrieved March 18,
  9. ^Anderson, Philip W. (). The theory of pressure broadening of spectral lines in the microwave and infrared regiona (PhD). University of Harvard. OCLC&#;
  10. ^Philip W. Anderson (). "Spin Glass I: A Scaling Law Rescued". Physics Today. 41 (1): 9– BibcodePhTaA. doi/
  11. ^Philip W. Anderson (). "Spin Glass II: Is There a Phase Transition?". Physics Today. 41 (3): 9. BibcodePhTcA. doi/
  12. ^Philip W. Anderson (). "Spin Glass III: Theory Raises its Head". Physics Today. 41 (6): 9– BibcodePhTfA. doi/
  13. ^Philip W. Anderson (). "Spin Glass IV: Glimmerings of Trouble". Physics Today. 41 (9): 9– BibcodePhTiA. doi/
  14. ^Philip W. Anderson (). "Spin Glass V: Real Power Brought to Bear". Physics Today. 42 (7): 9– BibcodePhTgA. doi/ S2CID&#;
  15. ^Philip W. Anderson (). "Spin Glass VI: Spin Glass As Cornucopia". Physics Today. 42 (9): 9– BibcodePhTiA. doi/
  16. ^Philip W. Anderson (). "Spin Glass VII: Spin Glass as Paradigm". Physics Today. 43 (3): 9– BibcodePhTcA. doi/
  17. ^"Book of Members, Chapter A"(PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved April 18,
  18. ^Philip Anderson, "How Josephson Discovered His Effect"Archived 7 June at the Wayback Machine, Physics Today, November
  19. ^"Display Person – Physics Department, Princeton University". . February 24, Retrieved October 25,
  20. ^"Board of Advisors". Scientists and Engineers for America. Archived from the original on February 9, Retrieved March 4,
  21. ^Cho, Adrian (March 30, ). "Philip Anderson, legendary theorist whose ideas shaped modern physics, dies". Science. AAAS. doi/ Retrieved May 25,
  22. ^Anderson, P.W. (). "More is Different"(PDF). Science. (): – BibcodeSciA. doi/science PMID&#; S2CID&#;
  23. ^Pines, David (May 4, ). Emerging Sytheses in Science. SFI Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  24. ^"Emergent behavior workshop bridges multiple research fields". . January 2, Retrieved June 3,
  25. ^Durrani, Matin (November ). "Against reductionism by Philip Anderson"(PDF). Physics World: 10–
  26. ^"Philip Anderson –". . Retrieved August 13,
  27. ^Soler, Jose M (). "A Rational Indicator of Scientific Creativity". arXiv:physics/
  28. ^Zangwill, Andrew (January 8, ). A Mind over Matter: Philip Anderson and the Physics of the Very Many. Oxford University Press. ISBN&#;.
  29. ^Mody, Cyrus C. M. (). "Condensed-matter titan". Physics Today. 74 (10): 61– BibcodePhTjM. doi/PT S2CID&#;
  30. ^"Andrew Zangwill (Georgia Tech)". YouTube. Institute for Complex Adaptive Matter. July 23, (talk about P. W. Anderson by Zangwill)
  31. ^"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". . American Academy of Achievement.
  32. ^"APS Member History". . Retrieved April 14,
  33. ^Clason, Lauren. "Philip W. Anderson". National Science & Technology Medals Foundation. Retrieved March 30,
  34. ^"Notable Signers". Humanism and Its Aspirations. American Humanist Association. Retrieved September 15,
  35. ^Anderson, Philip W. (). "Imaginary Friend, Who Art in Heaven". More and Different: Notes from a Thoughtful Curmudgeon. World Scientific. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  36. ^"Philip W. Anderson". Edge. Retrieved October 8,
  37. ^Banks, Michael (March 30, ). "Condensed-matter physics pioneer Philip Anderson dies aged 96". .
  38. ^Veale, Scott (March 30, ). "Philip W. Anderson, Nobel Laureate in Physics, Is Dead at 96". The New York Times. ISSN&#; Retrieved March 30,
  39. ^Weil, Martin (April 1, ). "Philip Anderson, Nobel-winning theoretical physicist, dies at 96". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 12,
  40. ^Anderson., Philip W; Arrow, Kenneth Joseph; Pines, David; Santa Fe Institute (January 1, ). The Economy as an Evolving Complex System: The Proceedings of the . Avalon. ISBN&#;. Retrieved October 25,

External links

  • Philip W. Anderson on including the Nobel Lecture, December 8, Local Moments and Localized States
  • Video clip of Philip Anderson speaking at the International Conference on Complex Systems, Hosted by the New England Complex Systems Institute (NECSI)
  • Oral History interview transcript for Philip W. Anderson on 10 May , American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives
  • Oral History interview transcript for Philip W. Anderson on 15 and 29 October and 5 November , American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Session I
  • Oral History interview transcript with Philip W. Anderson on 8 March , American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Session II
  • Oral History interview transcript with Philip W. Anderson on 22 March , American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Session III
  • Oral History interview transcript with Philip W. Anderson on 29 May , American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Session IV
  • Oral History interview transcript with Philip W. Anderson on 30 March , American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Session I
  • Oral History interview transcript with Philip W. Anderson on 30 May , American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Session II
  • Oral History interview transcript with Philip W. Anderson on 23 November , American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Session III
  • Oral History interview transcript with Philip W. Anderson on 29 June , American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Session IV